How to Succeed as a Freelance Translator

How to Succeed as a Freelance Translator Corinne McKay How to Succeed as a Freelance Translator by Corinne McKay ISBN 978-1-4116-9520-7 First Edition  ©2006 by Corinne McKay. All Rights Reserved. Published by Two Rat Press, a division of Translatewrite, Inc. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review, without permission in writing from the author. For information, contact [email  protected] com.Disclaimer: This book is published by Two Rat Press and Translatewrite, Inc. , who acknowledge all trademarks. All information contained in this book is believed to be correct at the time of printing. However, readers are advised to seek professional advice where necessary, as the information in this book is based on the author's experiences. The author of this book is not profes sionally engaged in providing legal, financial or career planning advice. Please send comments or corrections to [email  protected] com. For Dan, Ada and my parents, who sweeten every day. Contents Introduction Acknowledgments 9 15 An overview of the translation business 17 1. 1 What is a translator? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 1. 2 What does it take to become a translator? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 18 1. 3 Improving your language skills †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 1. 4 A translator's working environment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 22 1. 5 What kinds of work do translators do? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 25 1. 5. 1 Software Localization †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 27 1. 6 Who do translators work for? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 28 1. 6. 1 Working for translation agencies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦. 28 1. 6. 2 Working for direct clients †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 30 1. A bit about interpreting †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 31 1. 8 How do translators set their rates? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 33 1. 9 Professional Associations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 34 1. 9. 1 American Translators Association †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 34 1. 9. 2 National Association of Judiciary Interpreters and Translators †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 35 1. 9. 3 Translators and Interpreters Guild †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 35 1. 9. 4 American Literary Translators Association 35 1. 9. 5 Federation Internationale des Traducteurs 36 1. 9. 6 International Association of Conference Interpreters †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 1. 10 Certification for Translators †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 36 1. 10. 1 American Translators Association †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 38 1. 10. 2 Federal Court Interpreter Certification Examination Program †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 39 1. 10. 3 State Court Interpreter Certification . . . . 41 5 CONTENTS 2 Starting and Growing your Business 2. 1 Preparing for your job search †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. 1. 1 The basics of writing a translation resume . 2. 1. 2 A new resume for a new career †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. 1. 3 The structure of your resume †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. 1. 4 Your name †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . 1. 5 Your summary of qualifications . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. 1. 6 The body of the resume †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. 1. 7 What about a cover letter? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 43 43 43 44 45 46 47 49 50 2. 2 Finding your first clients †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 51 2. 3 Building up your business †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 56 2. 4 Starting a part-time translation business . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 59 2. 5 Business skills you'll need †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦.. 61 2. 6 Setting up your office and your business †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 63 2. 7 Maximizing productivity †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 2. 8 For working parents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 67 3 Home office setup 3. 1 Preparing for your home office †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3. 2 The ups and downs of worki ng from home . . . . 3. 3 Necessary office equipment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. 4 Organizing your business †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. 5 Translation home office technology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. 6 Non-Western character sets †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. 7 Speech recognition software †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. 8 Translation memory software †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 69 9 69 71 73 75 78 79 80 Trados †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 82 3. 8. 1 3. 8. 2 SDLX †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 83 3. 8. 3 Deja Vu †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 83 3. 8. 4 Wordfast †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 83 3. 8. 5 Heartsome †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 83 3. 8. 6 OmegaT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 84 3. 8. 7 WordFisher †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 84 3. 8. 8 across †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 84 3. Choosing a computer system †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 85 CONTENTS 7 4 Rates, contracts and terms of service 4. 1 Setting your translation rates †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. 2 R ate sheets †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4. 3 Contracts or work for hire agreements . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. 4 Terms of service †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4. 5 Researching your potential clients †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. 6 Standard payment terms and methods †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. 7 Setting the stage for payment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. When things don't go as planned †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. 8. 1 Arbitration and dispute resolution †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. 9 Cash flow issues †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 S etting up your business for growth 5. 1 Incorporating and planning for taxes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5. 1. 1 Corporate Entities †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5. 1. 2 Tax planning †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5. 2 Key Questions Before the Project Starts †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5. 3 How to Raise Your Rates †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5. 4 Ten ways to please a translation client †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Resources Glossary Index 87 87 91 92 95 99 101 102 104 108 109 111 112 114 115 117 120 121 125 133 139 Introduction I decided to write this book because I love my job, and because so few bilingual people are aware of the high demand for qualified translators and interpreters, or of the lifestyle benefits of being a language entrepreneur. In 2002, I was looking for a new career after eight years as a high school French teacher, and hoping to find a work-from-home job using my language skills. I thought back to a translation internship that I had done in college, and remembered how much I had enjoyed it.At the time, I had almost no knowledge of the translation industry nor any job contacts, so I started out by calling every company listed under Translators and Interpreters in the local yellow pages. Over the next few months I became involved with my local translators association, the American Translators Association (ATA), and began getting some calls for translation work. A year and some 400 resumes later, I passed the ATA certification exam in French to English translation, and my business continued to grow, while still allowing me to work from home on a flexible schedule, earning a healthy income and spending lenty of time with my family. Although I spent most of that first year marketing my fledgling business, the effort paid off; after three years as a freelance translator I earned my highest gross income ever (including when I worked full-time as a teacher) while working 20-30 hours a week from home. I developed specializations in legal, financial and marketing translation, edited my local translators association newsletter, presented seminars at the annual conference of the American Translators Association and often found myself exclaiming, â€Å"This is so interesting! while working on a translation—in short, I had found my niche. At the same time, the path from that day with the phone book to the day I told a client, â€Å"Sorry, I'm booked for the next two weeks† 9 10 INTRODUCTION was harder than it had to be, because there is a real shortage of training materials on how to run a translation business. Most translators enter the field because they love languages and writing, not because they love marketing and bookkeeping, but many translators' businesses fail because the y lack basic business skills.If you'd like to succeed as a freelance translator, it's definitely important to pursue training in translation techniques, translation software, and other tools of the trade, but these types of courses are easier to locate. Part of the reason I decided to write this book was because, having never run my own business before, I struggled so much with these basic business questions: how and where to find prospective clients, how to pursue translator certification, how to decide whether expensive computer software would help my business, how to set my translation rates, and so on.This book is based on the article Getting Started as a Freelance Translator, which first appeared on my website and was picked up by several translation websites. Later, I expanded that article into an online course that has continued to be very popular with aspiring translators. Following the success of the course, I realized that there must be many more people out there wondering how to use their language skills to break into the translation industry, and the idea for this book was born. The good news about translation If you're considering a career as a translator, there's a lot to look forward to.Given the global reach of businesses in the 21 st century, translators are employed in almost every conceivable business sector, from banking to museums to health care to high-tech. If you have a special skill or interest in addition to being bilingual, you're almost sure to find clients who will pay for your services, and you'll get to work on materials that interest you. Overall, the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics http://bls. gov projects that job prospects for translators and interpreters will increase faster than the average until at least 2014.Translators are usually well paid for their work, with the most recent compensation survey by the American Translators Association reporting 11 that the average self-employed full-time translator earns over $ 50,000 per year. Most translators, even if they work 40 hours a week or more, live a very self-directed lifestyle and can tailor their work day around other interests or commitments such as families. The good news about virtual work In publicizing their work-from-home newsletter The Rat Race Rebellion, the e-entrepreneurship specialists Staffcentrix http: //staffcentrix. om estimate that â€Å"There is a 30 to 1 scam ratio among home-based work ‘opportunities. ‘ † Although there are definitely some unscrupulous translation clients out there, translation itself is a great example of a legitimate work-fromhome opportunity. The vast majority of translators in the U. S. work from home, so translation agencies are used to this business model, and don't think it's odd to employ translators who work from home. Home work has a lot of advantages for you as the home worker, and for your community as a whole.By working from home, you'll probably experience greater job satisf action and less stress, since a relatively minor disruption like a dentist appointment or furnace repair won't derail your entire work day. Most of the time, you'll be able to structure your work day around your peak energy times and your family's needs, rather than your employer's policies. Your commute will be as long as it takes you to walk from your bedroom to your office and fire up the computer while still in your pajamas. Not surprisingly, most home workers experience a greatly improved quality of life.Likewise, working from home often has a very positive effect on your community and the world as a whole. Less commuting means less traffic congestion, less fuel usage and less need for parking areas. Home-based workers are around during the day, allowing them to volunteer for school and community activities and to be available for their families. A study by the International Telework Association and Council (ITAC) found that home-based workers are absent from work less than hal f as often as officebased workers, leading to greater work productivity in general. 12 INTRODUCTIONIs freelance translation for you? Despite all of these positive reports, it's very important to do some realistic self-assessment to determine if a career as a freelance translator is for you. Translators need a lot of skills besides fluency in at least two languages; translators need to be excellent writers in their native language and need to be interested in and skilled at terminology research using both paper dictionaries and the Internet. Translators also need to be avid readers in their native and non-native languages in order to keep up their language skills and their knowledge of world events.Equally important, and the subject that we'll focus on in this book, is a translator's ability to run a business. When you work full-time for an employer, you have one job title. When you work for yourself, you're not only the translator, but also the department head for sales and marketin g, technical support, customer relations, accounting and facilities maintenance. Unless you're willing and able to pay someone to do these tasks for you, you'll be doing them yourself, in addition to your regular job. Before you launch yourself into a ranslation career, it's important to ask yourself a few questions. Are you the type of person who is often described as highly motivated, driven, a go-getter; or do you have trouble following through on a plan once the exciting idea stage is over? Are you consistently able to meet deadlines with almost no supervision or direction, or do you head off to shopping websites as soon as the boss disappears? Do you have the multi-tasking skills necessary to manage multiple clients and deadlines at once, or does this type of work leave you feeling overwhelmed and wondering where to start?In addition, it's important to factor in a start-up period of at least six months to a year when launching your freelance business. Of course this is just an estimate, and the length of everyone's startup period will vary, but for translators who work in a relatively common language pair (for example French, Italian, German, Spanish or Portuguese paired with English), it's best to budget on at least six months of doing a lot of marketing and working less than full-time. For some people, for example parents 13 f small children or full-time students who are looking for some supplemental income, the spotty cash flow of a startup period may not be a huge concern. If you're planning on translation as your full-time income, you'll need to either continue your current employment while your translation business gets up to speed, or plan on living off your savings or a loan during this time. It can help to focus on the fact that with a consistent and reasonably aggressive marketing effort, you'll have years to enjoy your freelance lifestyle and income after your startup phase ends.So to all of you out there wondering, â€Å"What exactly does som eone with a degree in foreign languages do for a living? ,† I wish you happy reading, and hopefully, happy translating! Acknowledgments Very few books are truly solo endeavors, and this book is no exception. Special thanks go to the people who lent their enthusiasm to this project when it was just an idea to toss around over coffee or e-mail: Eve Lindemuth Bodeux, Beth Hayden, Thomas Hedden, Bruce McKay, LaNelle McKay and KarenMitchell for their insights and encouragement, and the students in the first two sessions of my course, Getting Started as a Freelance Translator for their excellent feedback on the course materials that this book is based on. My colleagues in the Colorado Translators Association, the American Translators Association and Boulder Media Women, and the readers of my e-newsletter Open Source Update are an ongoing source of knowledge and inspiration that every translator and writer should be so fortunate as to have. And Dan Urist†¦ where to start†¦ pent more hours than a recovering computer systems administrator should have to on the layout, design and editing of this book, learning at least two new pieces of software in the process and lovingly hounding me until the last word was written. 15 1 An overview of the translation business 1. 1 What is a translator? In a nutshell, a translator is a human being who changes written words from one language to another. If this sounds obvious, take another look! First, it's important to note that although computers play an important role in translation, professional translators are humans, not computers.Second, a translator works with written words, unlike an interpreter, who works with spoken words. If you're new to the industry, you've learned something important right here; that the phrase â€Å"speaking through a translator,† contradicts itself, since translators work in writing. While some people work as both translators and interpreters, most concentrate on one or the other. Translators are also, by definition, fluent in more than one language. In the industry, these are referred to as the source, or â€Å"from† language(s), and the target, or â€Å"into† language, which is almost always the translator's native language.So for example, a translator who is a native English speaker and learned Portuguese and Spanish might translate from Spanish and Portuguese into English. If you work in the most common language pairs, such as English paired with French, Italian, German or Spanish (known as FIGS in the translation industry), chances are that you will never translate into your second or third language. If you work in a less common language pair, you might find yourself as the exception to this rule.A client might need a document translated from Thai into English, a job that would usually be handled by a native English speaker who has Thai as a second or third language. However in practice, it's often easier to find a native Thai (or 17 18 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS Lingala, Malayalam, Fulani, etc) speaker who has English as a second language since there are many more native Thai speakers who also speak English than the other way around. In this case, the job might be handled by a native Thai speaker, and then proofread by a native English speaker.In the United States, most translators work from one or two source languages; it's extremely common for translators to have only one working language pair, like Spanish into English, or Japanese into English. In other areas of the world where foreign languages are more widely studied, most translators work from at least two source languages, and often many more. It's not at all unusual to find Europe-based translators who work, for example, from English, Spanish and French into German, or from Norwegian, Swedish and English into Danish. 1. What does it take to become a translator? Being multilingual isn't the only skill a translator needs, but it's certainly the m ost important. Translators learn their languages in many different ways; many grew up in bilingual households or countries, some learned their second or third language in school and then pursued experience abroad, some took intensive language courses or worked in a foreign country for several years, and it is also quite common for translators to become freelancers after working as military or government linguists.Almost all translators working in the U. S. have at least a Bachelor's Degree, although not necessarily in translation. As a rule, most professional translators have at least some experience working and/or living in a country where their source language or languages are spoken; many translators lived and worked in their source language country for many years, or pursued higher education in their source language(s).In-country experience is a big asset for a translator, since translation work involves knowing not just the structure of the language to be translated, but the cu ltural framework that surrounds it. This isn't to say that classroom study doesn't produce excellent translators, but it's important to realize WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO BECOME A TRANSLATOR? 19 at the outset that to be a successful professional translator, you need near-native proficiency in your source language(s); if you're starting from scratch, a few semesters of part-time language class won't be enough.As a point of reference, the U. S. Government's Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center offers a program to teach Middle Eastern languages to government employees, and the basic program involves 63 weeks of full-time study. Many people wonder how to tell if their language skills are good enough to work as a translator. While there are various language testing services that can tell you where you stand, probably the easiest way to get a feel for your translation readiness is to translate something.Go on the web and find a legal document, newspaper article or press release in your source language, then try to translate it. As we'll discuss later, professional translators make constant use of reference materials such as print and online dictionaries, terminology databases, etc. , so when you look at your practice document, don't assume that you should be able to whip out a perfect translation on the spot. The key points are: can you understand this document on both a word-for-word and a conceptual level, and can you convey its meaning in your target language?Translators today work in almost every conceivable language pair; while the market in the United States has historically been very strong in Western European languages such as French, German, Italian and Spanish, there is an increasing (and increasingly lucrative) market for translation in Asian and Middle Eastern Languages like Hindi, Gujarati, Urdu, Thai, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Arabic, Farsi, Pashto and Kurdish; Central and Eastern European languages like Serbian, Czech, Slovene and Macedonian; as well as the â€Å"languages of smaller iffusion† like Nepali, Hebrew or Somali. In most language pairs, the amount of work available is proportionate to the number of translators in the language. While there is obviously a great deal of English to Spanish translation work in the U. S. , there is a correspondingly large number of translators in this language combination; and while there may not be a great deal of work in Indonesian to English, there 20 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS re also not many translators in this combination, resulting in a correspondingly small amount of competition for work. In addition to near-native source language proficiency, translators need other skills too; probably the most important are excellent writing skills in their target language, in-depth knowledge in one or more areas of specialization, and business management skills. Some would-be translators are in practice not very successful because they have weak writing skills in the ir target language, making their translations difficult or unpleasant to read.Highly specialized translators are among the highest-earning members of the profession; for example a bilingual intellectual property attorney, stock broker or biomedical engineer may earn many times the per-word rate of a â€Å"jack of all trades† translator with a B. A. in German. Some translators turn a previous career into an area of specialization, while others take additional courses in areas of specialization or learn specialized terminology from more experienced translators.Paradoxically, specializing can also lead to more work, not less, as the specialized translator becomes known as the go-to person in his or her area of expertise, whether it's environmental engineering, textile manufacturing or stage sets. The translation industry in the United States is moving more and more toward an independent contractor model, where the vast majority of translators are self-employed and work for a var iety of clients; in 2005, approximately 70% of the members of the American Translators Association were self-employed independent contractors.As such, translators need business management skills such as the ability to find and retain clients, work on tight deadlines with little supervision or management, handle increases and decreases in work flow and cash flow and perform tasks such as bookkeeping, tax planning and computer upkeep and maintenance. In fact, most self-employed translators spend 25-50% of their time on non-translation work, largely involving management of the day to day tasks of running a business, so these skills are just as important as translation-related skills in succeeding as a freelance translator.IMPROVING YOUR LANGUAGE SKILLS 21 1. 3 Improving your language skills If you'd like to work as a translator but your language skills are not yet up to par, you have a few options. The best, but most difficult, is immersion: living and working or going to school in a c ountry where your source language is spoken. If you want to improve your French, without a doubt the fastest way to do it is to move to a French-speaking country for a year, work or go to school with native French speakers, and speak only French while you're there.If this isn't possible for you, university programs in translation and interpretation do exist in the U. S. , although they are much less common than in other countries. However, nearly all medium or large colleges and universities will offer advanced courses in the more widely spoken foreign languages. The American Translators Association http : //atanet . org sells several publications listing translating and interpreting programs, and also has a mentoring program for its members, although the program is geared toward professional, not linguistic, development.If you're trying to improve your language skills, be realistic; although it's certainly far from impossible to learn a new language at age 30, 50 or 70, it's also n ot going to happen with a few semesters of night classes. If you're starting from a beginner level or close to it, two to three years of intensive language study in a college-level program is probably a bare minimum. However, if you have a solid foundation in a second or third language, for instance you studied it in school for 10 years including several trips to a country where the language is spoken, you might be ready to start translating right away.As mentioned before, simply knowing more than one language isn't enough to guarantee your success as a translator. While requirements for different translation jobs vary, nearly all translators have at least a Bachelor's degree, and often more education than this. If you would eventually like to earn certification from the American Translators Association, you'll need either a Master's degree or higher, or several years of work experience as a translator. The rapid expansion of the translation industry, flexible work possibilities and high earning potential have made freelance 2 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS translation an attractive career for bilingual lawyers, accountants, doctors and scientific professionals, and many translators feel that specialization is extremely important to their success. This is especially true as the Internet has opened up work opportunities for translators who live in countries where the cost of living is relatively low, and where educated professionals may be able to make more money by working as translators over the Internet than by practicing in the professions they were trained for. 1. A translator's working environment The translation industry in the United States is moving more and more toward the independent contractor model. In the past, many large companies and even many translation agencies had staffs of in-house translators, but these jobs are now few and far between, and when they do exist would rarely be given to a beginner. In contrast to other professions wh ere newcomers are expected to pay their dues as in-house employees and then enjoy the â€Å"reward† of freelancing, the translation industry usually works in the opposite way.Most translators start out as freelancers and may even remain self-employed for their whole careers, while most wellpaid in-house translators are hired with years or even decades of experience. It's important to be realistic about whether the life of a freelancer is for you. While you'll have a great degree of control over where, when and how much you work, you'll also give up the security of a steady paycheck, benefits, paid time off, and a pension or employer-sponsored 401K. Most freelance translators in the U.S. work from a home office, and there is no stigma attached to working from home; translators who rent office space outside the home are definitely the exception rather than the rule. The vast majority of a translator's work is done on the computer, using either a word processing program or text editor, and possibly a computer-assisted translation program. Translators make extensive use of reference materials such as print and online dictionaries, terminology databases, and discussion with other translators.The almost constant use of a computer A TRANSLATOR'S WORKING ENVIRONMENT 23 makes repetitive strain injury one of the few work-related injuries that translators are at risk for. There are many positive sides to a translator's work environment. Compared to other work-from-home jobs, translation can be very interesting and well-paying. Although you probably won't get lavishly rich working as a freelance translator, translation industry compensation surveys report that the average self-employed freelance translator earns about $52,000 per year.Translators who are highly specialized in technical fields, or work with in-demand language pairs may earn much more than this, and in-house translators for certain branches of the U. S. government or international financial instituti ons may earn $70,000 a year and up. At the same time, it is important to be realistic about the time and effort involved in reaching this level of income.Unless you work in a language pair and/or specialization that is extremely in demand, it may take a year or more to develop a regular client base that will allow you to replace the income from a previous full-time job, and you will probably need to send out several hundred resumes during that time. Before starting your freelance translation business, it's important to determine if you have the financial resources, time and energy to get through the startup period to the point where you are earning a reasonable and steady income.Starting a translation business is a fairly inexpensive proposition. If you already have a home computer and high speed Internet access, you might make do with business cards, computerized fax service and a modest reference library, for a startup cost of only a few hundred dollars. To a large extent, freelan cers can determine when and how much they want to work. While it probably makes good business sense to accept as much work as possible from your regular clients, on a day-to-day basis many translators work on their own schedule rather than from 9 to 5.A translator's eight hour day might run from 7:30-11:30 AM and 4:30-8:30 PM. This flexibility makes translation an excellent career option for people who have young children, are semi-retired, or just want to work part-time. Today, most translation work hap- 24 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS pens remotely, and translators can live almost anywhere. The up and down nature of most freelancers' work loads also lends itself to using free time to take classes, pursue hobbies, travel or spend time with family. On the downside (and of course there are some downsides to all of this! , as with other consulting or freelance work, some aspects of translation can be stressful and difficult to manage. Many translators describe their work as feast or famine, with months of little work and months of working every waking moment and more than a few moments that should be spent sleeping. Worldwide business acceleration has affected translation turnaround times, with agencies eager to have translations returned as soon as possible, sometimes within a few hours for a short project. Clients who pay late or don't pay at all can cause major financial problems, especially for translators who live paycheck to paycheck.Translators who work in common language combinations like SpanishEnglish may face pressure to lower their rates in order to remain competitive, especially if the client can find qualified translators in countries where pay rates are much lower. In addition, working from home has its ups and downs; even for an introvert, the life of the home office can be lonely, and time spent on (unpaid) non-translation work like accounting, marketing and maintaining computer systems can become frustrating when you'd much rather be translating!If you've never worked for yourself before, succeeding as a translator demands a high degree of self-discipline. With no boss in the next cubicle and a list of household errands to finish, it can be hard to focus on your work, and if you have a family or housemates, equally difficult to find a work-friendly time and space in your house. However, most translators enjoy their work and like to talk about what they do and how they got started. The ever-changing nature of the job appeals to many people, since no day â€Å"at the office† is exactly like another.Another positive aspect of the job is that most translation clients value their translators and treat them as professionals who deserve to be fairly paid for their work. Even in the most common language combinations, the supply of qualified and capable (emphasis here! ) translators often cannot WHAT KINDS OF WORK DO TRANSLATORS DO? 25 keep pace with the industry's demand, resulting in a generally positive employ ment picture for translators and interpreters. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that employment prospects for translators and interpreters should grow faster than the average for all occupations until at least 2014. . 5 What kinds of work do translators do? As cross-cultural and multilingual communication become more important to the worldwide flow of business, translators and interpreters are employed in almost every conceivable business and government sector. From law to health care to finance, entertainment, information technology and advertising, translators and interpreters enable global communication. Some translators, especially those with specialized professional or technical training, might concentrate on only one subject area, such as pharmaceuticals, corporate finance, computer software or legal contracts.There are even translators who specialize in seemingly obscure areas like fisheries management, shopping mall construction, stamps, or groundwater hy drology. Still others position themselves as â€Å"jack of all trades† translators with concentrations in certain areas. In general, the more translators there are in a given language pair, the more specialization is required, and the smaller the translator pool, the less incentive there is to specialize. German to English translators in the U. S. almost certainly have specializations, but the same isn't necessarily true of the few Bosnian to English translators doing business in the same markets.Translators sometimes work in collaboration with other linguists, particularly if the work involves a large project that needs to be translated in a short amount of time. Today, translation teams almost always work together over the Internet, rather than in person. The size of translation projects can vary widely, from a single line of text such as a company slogan, to an entire book or website. Most translators who are self-employed work from project to project, with the average pro ject taking anywhere from 26 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS n hour to several days, and some longer projects mixed in as well. Most translators working in the United States today work on business and technical documents, rather than literature. Although most translators in the U. S. are independent contractors, full-time jobs for translators and interpreters do exist, particularly in areas such as court and health care interpreting, web content translation, software localization, and translating and interpreting for the United States Government's various agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Agency.Translators who are experienced and/or qualified to work in more than one language pair may have a greater chance of being offered an in-house position. Literary translators (translators who work on books, poetry or short stories) make up a relatively small segment of translators in the United States. This is bec ause literary translation is typically not very well paid, and because Americans don't tend to read literature in translation, so there is a small market for the work of literary translators; in 2004, only 891 of the 195,000 new books printed inEnglish were adult literature in translation. If you translate into a language other than English, there may be a larger market for literary translation services, especially if you are qualified to work on textbooks, technical manuals, and other â€Å"non-literary† book projects. Localization translators are a rapidly growing group in the industry. Localization, or the complete adaptation of a product such as a web site, product marketing kit, software program or advertising campaign into another language, used to be confined mostly to computer software.Now, software localization is probably the largest segment of the localization market, but it's certainly not the only segment. Businesses may hire localization agencies when they want to take a new product global and need culturally-targeted marketing advice in addition to translation services. WHAT KINDS OF WORK DO TRANSLATORS DO? 1. 5. 1 Software Localization 27 A sub-specialty within the translation and localization industry is software localization, the process of translating software user interfaces from one language to another.For example, when a large software company produces multilingual versions of its applications, every piece of text displayed by the software must be translated into the target language, and in many cases the graphics must be altered as well. Software localization involves both bilingual software developers and document translators specialized in information technology, since the software's user interface, help files, readme files, screen shots and incidental files (such as warranty information and packaging) must all be translated.Software localization is an enormous industry in its own right, largely because computer users throughout the world now expect their software to be in their own language, and will naturally be more interested in purchasing software or visiting websites that they can access in their own language. Therefore, the software localization industry is a source of a large amount of work for bilingual software developers and for translators, and is currently one of the fastest-growing sectors within the translation industry as a whole. In addition, localization breeds localization; a localized web browser utomatically creates a need for localized websites; a localized piece of software demands a localized manual to go with it. Two useful resources for localization professionals are the Globalization and Localization Association. http: //www. gala-global . org and the Localization Industry Standards Association http: //www. lisa. org. Software localization is often completed using different tools than those that are used for document translation; some computer-assisted translation tools can cross over between these two types of translation, and some cannot.So, it is important to investigate what tools will be required if you would like to look for software localization work. 28 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS 1. 6 Who do translators work for? 1. 6. 1 Working for translation agencies For a freelance translator, there are typically two types of clients: translation agencies and direct clients. First, let's look at how translators work through agencies. A translation agency, which may also refer to itself as a localization agency, translation company, or translation bureau, has its own roster of clients and sub-contracts their translation work to individual freelance translators.The agency handles the project management end of things, interacts directly with the translation client and (hopefully) pays the translator and deals with any collections issues. Ideally, the translation agency should pay its freelance translators when their invoices come due (normally 30 days after the agency accepts the translation) whether the agency itself has been paid by the end client or not. A translation agency is not an employment agency, and there is no fee involved for a translator to register with an agency.However, an agency normally cannot guarantee a steady flow of work to any one translator, and will normally pay the translator a good deal less than the per-word rate that the agency is charging the client, in many cases up to 50% less. Freelance translators are often required to sign a confidentiality and non-competition agreement which states that they may not work directly for any of the agency's clients for some period of time, or may not disclose who the agency's clients are, or the nature of the assignments that they work on.Like translators themselves, translation agencies can be either very general, â€Å"all languages, all subjects,† or highly specialized, for instance translating only for the medical industry, or only translating between E nglish and Korean. In the uncertain world of freelancing, translation agencies provide some measure of job security. When you work for an agency, you don't normally have to communicate with the end client directly, and in many cases the agency may even forbid you from contacting the end client. Instead, you translate the documents that the agency sends you, which means that you spend your timeWHO DO TRANSLATORS WORK FOR? 29 working instead of managing the project and handling the client's questions. Also, an agency that becomes a regular client may be able to provide you with steady work, and will often pay you even if the client is late in paying them. A good agency project manager understands the nature of translation work, and asks the client in advance to clarify potential questions, for example should currency amounts in Euros be converted to dollars, saving the contract translators a great deal of time. Many of the best agency project managers are or have been translators them selves.Agencies also provide some amount of â€Å"disaster insurance† in the event that you get sick in the middle of the project, suddenly find yourself in over your head on a very technical document, or another type of unforeseen event. If something like this happens, the agency can often find a replacement translator or editor to step in, which is a responsibility that falls upon the translator if an agency is not involved. In exchange for the services the agency provides, you will give up some freedom. The agencies you work for may have fixed pay rates, or may ask you to reduce your rates to stay competitive with other translators.When an agency becomes a regular client, you want to keep them happy, so it will be hard to say â€Å"No! † when they call you on Friday afternoon with a big project due Monday, disrupting your planned ski trip or home improvement project. Also, agencies vary in quality. While a good agency can effectively hand you work on a platter and d eal with all problems that come up between them and the end client, in practice this doesn't always happen. An agency may claim (rightly or wrongly) that you did a substandard job on a project for them, and then ask for or just go ahead and take a â€Å"discount† on the payment you agreed on.Or, an agency may not have much cash in reserve, and might not be able to pay you if the end client doesn't pay them. Agencies also have their own set payment terms, and in most cases the terms aren't negotiable. For example, agencies in the U. S. generally pay within 30 days from the date of the invoice (referred to as Net 30), or 30 days from the end of the month (30 Days EOM), while agencies in Europe take longer to pay, sometimes as long as 60 days from the end of the month or 30 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS 0 days from the date of the invoice. 1. 6. 2 Working for direct clients The other main option for a freelancer is to work for direct clients, meaning working directly f or translation customers without a â€Å"middleman† involved. A direct client might be a shoe manufacturer in Sweden that wants to market its products in the U. S. , a patent law firm in Japan, a university in the U. S. with non-English speaking visitors, or an individual who wants her high school diploma translated into French so that she can study abroad.The income potential of working for direct clients is attractive; in many cases double the income of working for an agency. Direct clients may also be able to provide large volumes of work if their turnaround time allows for it. Whereas a translation agency will often split a large project between several translators to get it done faster, a direct client might be willing to let you translate their entire 50,000 word annual report, resulting in more income and less administrative overhead for you; or they might be willing to let you act as a â€Å"mini-agency,† subcontracting work to ther translators you know and kee ping a percentage for yourself. With a direct client the translator is often more in control of the payment terms involved; for example, the translator might be able to request payment in advance for certain services, an option that almost never exists when working through a translation agency. There are some disadvantages in working for direct clients as well. When you work through an agency, it's the project manager's job to explain the ins and outs of the translation process to the client.If the client doesn't know what source and target language mean, or the difference between traditional and simplified Chinese, or whether they want the company's name in all capital letters throughout the document, it's the agency's responsibility to deal with this, not yours. When you work for a direct client, for better or worse there's no one between you and the client. In cases involving a small project such as a birth certificate translation, it might take more time to explain the process t o the client than it does to complete the translation.If the client has an unrealistic A BIT ABOUT INTERPRETING 31 deadline, keeps changing his/her mind about the project specifications, or wants additional services such as desktop publishing, it's up to you as the translator to deal with it. If the direct client doesn't pay, there's no one else to lean on for the money—you simply have to handle it yourself, or hire a collection agency if things turn really sour. All of these aspects are worth considering before you decide whether to work through agencies or for direct clients.Somewhere between an agency and a direct client is a small but growing group of freelance project managers. These individuals function somewhat like one-person translation agencies, and may be handling outsourced translation for a larger corporation. This style of business combines some of the advantages and disadvantages of the agency /direct client model. Probably the most significant item to discuss up front is what happens if the end client doesn't pay or is late in paying the project manager who hires you, since unlike a large translation agency, this ndividual probably doesn't have the cash reserves to cover a large bill that goes unpaid. 1. 7 A bit about interpreting As you explore a career in translation, it's worth considering whether you would like to focus your business exclusively on translation, or include interpreting in your range of services. Like translation, the market for interpreting depends largely on your language pair(s), and unless you do over the phone interpreting, is more location-dependent than translation since you need to be in the same place as your clients.Interpreting has several â€Å"modes,† the primary ones being simultaneous, where the interpreter talks at the same time as the speaker; consecutive, where the interpreter listens to the speaker and takes notes, then interprets what the speaker said; and sight translation, where the interpr eter reads a written document in another language, for example taking a court document in English and reading it to a defendant in Spanish. Simultaneous interpret- 32AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS ing is probably the most common mode, since it is used at the United Nations, in court, and in various other conference-type settings. Interpreting demands very different skills than translation. While translators are stereotypically detail-oriented introverts who don't mind spending an hour finding the perfect translation for a word, interpreters must be able to think on their feet and work with little or no advance preparation.Translators most often work alone at home, while interpreters are often literally in the spotlight, standing next to a court witness, hospital patient or head of state and communicating for him or her. Until the advent of conference calling, interpreters had to be in the same place as their clients, and court and conference interpreting is still heavily de pendent on on-site interpreters. However, over-the-phone interpreting is becoming more popular, especially in areas where it's hard to find on-site interpreters.Many translation agencies also schedule interpreters, and courts, hospitals and schools may employ in-house interpreters. One major difference between interpreting and translation is that interpreters often work in both â€Å"directions† of their language pair, so must be highly proficient in speaking their non-native language; many high-level conference interpreters consider themselves to have two native languages, rather than one native language and one or more second languages. Interpreters are paid by the hour or by the day, and pay varies widely. In some areas of the U. S. English4-6panish court interpreters might make less than $15 an hour, while conference interpreters who are members of the elite AIIC (International Association of Conference Interpreters) might make close to $500 a day. If you are interested i n interpreting, one excellent way to assess your skills is to go spend a day as an observer in court. Most courts in the U. S. are open to the public, and you can sit in the viewing area and try to interpret as the proceedings go along; better yet take a notebook and make a list of words and expressions that you need to research.The major employers of interpreters in the U. S. are courts, health care settings and schools, so these are all good places to focus on if you would like to explore interpreting. HOW DO TRANSLATORS SET THEIR RATES? 33 1. 8 How do translators set their rates? Translators are generally paid by the word, with some variation in whether the word count is based on the source or target language, for a single word (most common in the U. S. ) or per thousand words (most common in the U. K. ), although payment is sometimes made by the line as well, with a line being comprised of a certain number of characters.For projects where charging by the word would result in a r idiculously low payment, for example translating an advertising slogan, translators are often paid by the hour. Translations of official documents such as birth certificates may be billed by the page. Many translators have a minimum charge for small projects, for example a flat fee for projects up to 250 words. It's also common for translators to add a premium for a rush project, or to offer a discount for a large project or ongoing work. The actual per-word rate depends on your language c)oamndbispe-tlz(),andsowhtyurcliensa willing to pay.Asking â€Å"How much do translators charge? † is like asking, â€Å"How big is a ball of yarn? † The variation in translation rates is enormous; if you visit online translation marketplaces such as Translators Cafe http://translatorscafe. com, or ProZ. com http: //proz . com, you'll see an abundance of translators willing to work for just a few cents a word, while a highly specialized medical, legal or technical translator working f or direct clients might make mid-double digits (cents, not dollars! ) per word.In addition, many translators are reluctant to publish or even discuss their rates for fear of being targeted by antitrust actions. If you work for translation agencies, there may not be much room for negotiation on rates, and â€Å"setting your rates† may be more a matter of finding agencies that are willing to pay what you would like to earn. Agencies will often ask you what your rates are, but just as often the agency already knows what it can or will pay for a typical project in your language combination, and is unlikely to give you work if you charge more than the â€Å"standard† rate.Some agencies will also tell you up front that 34 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS you're welcome to specify your rates, but that the agency prefers to work with translators who charge less than a certain number of cents per word. Still, translation agencies as a group are not usually out to get tra nslators to work for an absolute rock-bottom price, and will usually offer a fair rate for a project. Reputable agencies may even look askance at translation rates that are more than about 10% below the average or standard rate in a certain language combination. 1. Professional Associations for Translators and Interpreters Professional associations are an excellent resource for both beginning and experienced translators and interpreters. At the international, national, and local levels, professional associations allow you to network with colleagues, pursue continuing education workshops and attend conferences related to the field. They also improve your credibility as a linguist. As one agency manager comments, â€Å"If a person is a member of a professional association, it shows that he or she has a network of colleagues to draw on and is willing to invest some time and money in the profession. Especially if translator or interpreter certification isn't offered in your languages, belonging to a professional association shows that you're serious about your work. Following is an overview of professional associations for translators and interpreters working in the United States. 1. 9. 1 American Translators Association The American Translators Association ht t p : //atanet . org is the largest professional association for language professionals in the U. S. , and offers membership to both individual linguists and translation companies.The Association also includes various language or specialization-specific divisions that members can choose to join. Benefits for ATA members include a listing on the ATA website, a subscription to the monthly magazine ATA PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 35 Chronicle, reduced rates to attend ATA conferences and seminars, and various professional benefits such as credit card acceptance, retirement programs, etc. The ATA holds a large annual conference each year in the fall, and information about upcoming conferences is also available on the ATA website.The ATA administers its own certification exams, which are probably the most widely recognized translation credential in the U. S. As of 2006, candidates for the certification exam must also be members of ATA. For more information on certification exam dates, see ATA's website. 2006 individual dues are $145 per year. 1. 9. 2 National Association of Judiciary Interpreters and Translators The National Association of Judiciary Intrpreters and Translators http: //najit . org is a professional association for court interpreters and legal translators.NAJIT holds an annual conference, publishes the newsletter Proteus, and advocates for positive changes in the court interpreting and legal translation professions. NAJIT's website also includes a helpful list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about court interpreting. 2006 individual dues are $105 per year. 1. 9. 3 Translators and Interpreters Guild The Translators and Interpreters Guild http : //ttig. org is the only nation al (U. S. ) union of translators and interpreters, operating as Local 32100 of the Newspaper Guild–Communications Workers of America.The Translators and Interpreters Guild operates a translator referral service that is open to members, and offers additional membership benefits such as a union credit card, life insurance, and legal services. 2006 individual dues are $120 per year. 1. 9. 4 American Literary Translators Association The American Literary Translators Association http: // literarytranslators. org is dedicated to serving literary 36 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS translators and â€Å"enhancing the status and quality of literary translation. Members receive a variety of publications about literary translation, such as Translation Review and ALTA Guides to Literary Translation, and ALTA also holds an annual conference on literary translation. 2006 individual dues are $65 per year. 1. 9. 5 Federation Internationale des Traducteurs The Federation Internationa l des Traducteurs http: //fit-ift . org is an â€Å"association of associations† for translators, which gathers more than 100 professional associations for language professionals from all over the world. FIT does not accept individual translators as members, but does old an annual conference open to translators and interpreters throughout the world. 1. 9. 6 International Association of Conference Interpreters Membership in AIIC http://aiic. net is open only to experienced conference interpreters who have worked a minimum of 150 days in a conference setting, and must be sponsored by three active AIIC members who have been in the association for at least five years. The AIIC website contains many helpful articles and links for aspiring and experienced interpreters. 1. 10 Certification for TranslatorsAs we discussed in a previous section, for better or worse, you don't have to have any type of certification to call yourself a translator or interpreter in the United States. Vario us organizations offer certification, but the list of language combinations is far from comprehensive. For example, organizations in the United States offer certification only in language combinations that involve English, so if you translate or interpret German into French or Japanese into Korean, there simply is no certification available in the U.S.. Reliable and uniform certification is one of the most CERTIFICATION FOR TRANSLATORS 37 important issues facing the translation and interpreting professions today. Since no standardized certification for translators and interpreters exists, there is little agreement on what makes a â€Å"certified† translator or interpreter. In some cases, linguists who have earned a certificate in translation or interpreting refer to themselves as â€Å"certified,† while to others, â€Å"certified† means having passed a nationally standardized examination.There is a great deal of controversy over whether certification is a reason able guarantee of a quality job, or whether non-certified translators and interpreters are to be avoided. As a linguist, especially in a common language combination such as English with French, Spanish or German, becoming certified is one way to distinguish yourself from the pack of questionably qualified people offering translation or interpreting services in these languages, and certification may be required for certain types of work.In some court systems it is now difficult to find work as an English —Spanish court interpreter if you're not certified, and some translation agencies may insist that for certain end clients or certain types of translations, you have to be certified if the option is available for your languages. In addition, the American Translators Association's most recent compensation survey (published in January, 2006), found that certified translators earn approximately $6,000 per year more than their non-certified colleagues.On the downside, there are num erous translators and interpreters with excellent qualifications who have failed certification exams, or don't feel that they want to take them at all. As one translation agency manager comments, â€Å"Certification doesn't mean that the person can meet a deadline, work well with other translators or respond to client input and questions, and all of these are crucial to winning and keeping clients. † More practically, the certification exam itself represents a somewhat artificial environment in which you're asked to demonstrate your skills.For instance, although the ATA is currently pursuing the possibility of offering computerized certification exams, the exam currently must be handwritten, something a practicing translator would seldom if ever do. Hopefully, the computerized ATA certification exam will become a reality in the near future. 38 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS Following is an overview of the main certifying organizations for translators and interpreters in the United States. If you work in a language combination that doesn't involve English, an Internet search can help you find certifying organizations in a country where your languages are spoken. . 10. 1 American Translators Association The American Translators Association ht t p : //atanet . org offers certification (formerly called accreditation) to translators in 27 language pairs as of 2006; passing the exam earns you the right to add the designation â€Å"ATA-certified for X to X translation† to your credentials. As of this writing, the available certifications are ( indicates that the test is available in eithe

49 Facebook Marketing Tips to Drive Better Results Right Now

49 Facebook Marketing Tips to Drive Better Results Right Now Facebook is the most widely used social media platform today. With over 2 billion active users, your organization has a lot of people to impress. But, with declining organic reach, succeeding on the platform is more difficult than ever. Whats a busy marketer to do? Try starting with these 49 quick tips for doing more effective marketing on the platform. Whether you’re a Facebook newbie or your organization has been active on the platform for years, this post is packed with actionable tips that will: Help you optimize your profile. Create posts that stand out and drive tons of engagement. Learn how to gather and analyze data to prove your efforts are working. And a whole lot more. So, dig in, grab some free templates, and learn some new Facebook marketing tactics you can implement right now. Theres bound to be at least a few you havent tried before. Download Our Facebook Marketing Templates Bundle Get everything you need to make your Facebook marketing a success including: A social media content calendar to start planning and organizing your posts. A Facebook marketing strategy template to help guide your social team through want kinds of content to post. A Facebook video marketing strategy guide to help your team decide what kinds of videos you’ll produce for your Facebook channel. An infographic on the best times to post on social media to keep on hand for reference. A social media report template to present the performance of your Facebook marketing efforts (and social media marketing across the board). A social media ROI report template to keep track of how much Facebook is contributing to your bottom line. Did You Know Makes Facebook Marketing Easy? is the ultimate all-in-one marketing and social media calendar to plan and publish every post. (Along with organizing everything else in your marketing strategy, too). With , you can: Plan your entire social media and marketing strategy in one place. Schedule all of your social media promotion (including Facebook posts) alongside all your other content and projects. Measure the results of your Facebook marketing efforts with built-in features like Social Engagement Reports. Want to see how it works? Snag a free trial and use it to try some of your new Facebook marketing tips. Table of Contents: The Full List of 49 Tips Optimize Your Profile Photo Optimize Your Cover Photo Add a Call to Action to Your Cover Photo Complete Your Facebook Business Bio Information Use Facebook Tabs Share the Right Content Mix Up Unlinked Posts Like Other Pages as Your Business Stay on Top of Facebook Updates and Changes Plan Posts in Advance With Set Clear Goals Establish Voice and Tone Create a Facebook Group Experiment With Video Posts Share Videos Natively Try Facebook Live Use the Poll Feature Try Different Types of Image Posts Optimize Links Use Facebook Post Targeting Use the Social Message Optimizer Avoid Cross-Posting Create a Facebook Event Post at the Best Times Use Best Time Scheduling Know How Often to Post on Facebook Use Monitoring Tools Create Facebook Ads Investigate Other Pages' Ads Add Social Sharing Buttons to Your Site Add a Link to Your Facebook Page in Your Email Signature Pin an Awesome Post to Your Page Publish User Generated Content Invite People to Like Your Page From Your Ads Run a Facebook Contest Partner With Influencers Tag Other Companies in Posts Target Your Audience With Facebook Product Sales Ads Boost Posts the Right Way Use "Dark" Posts Use Carousel Ads Cross-Promote Ads on Instagram Use Facebook Ads Manager Pay Attention to Facebook Analytics Use Social Engagement Reports in Track Facebook Referral Traffic With UTMs Test Ad Design and Copy Be Mindful of Customer Service Give Away Great Content For Free49 Facebook Marketing Tips to Drive Better Results Right Now via @Tips For Setting Up Your Facebook Business Page The first step in any Facebook marketing strategy is getting your business page set up. You may already have a business page up and running, but these tips can still help make sure your profile is effectively optimized. 1. Optimize Your Profile Picture The best way to optimize your profile picture is to: Use your logo. Make sure it’s a high-resolution photo and is still clear when it’s shrunk down to small size. Ensure it’s 180px by 180 px. For example, take a look at Target. Their profile picture is clear, even when viewing in a mobile app: 2. Choose the Right Cover Photo To ensure that your cover photo has the maximum impact, the photo should: Be the correct size at 828 px by 315 px. Relate back to your profile picture. The two should fit together. Be under 60 seconds if your team is using a cover video. For example, Lululemon uses an engaging photos of their product in use to showcase new yoga pants, their staple product: You can use video from events and other behind the scenes moments to showcase company culture and more in your cover photo: Posted by Concordia College on Monday, October 9, 2017 3. Add a Call-To-Action On Your Cover Photo Your cover photo gives you lots of space to play with, and it’s a significant part of your Facebook profile. Why waste that enormous amount of space when you can add a compelling CTA and encourage your audience to take action instead? You have three different options for your cover photo CTA. It can point to: 1) The like button: this type of CTA should be used when you want to grow your audience. It tells them directly what to do and keeps it simple because all they have to do is click. An example of this is one of Short Stacks previous cover photos: Facebook has changed their cover photo rules. We're showing you how to leverage these changes. This week we're demonstrating asking people to Like you. Stay tuned for more in the weeks to come! Posted by ShortStack on Monday, April 8, 2013 2) The follow button: The follow button is a bit different from the like button in the fact that audience members who choose this action have more control over when your content shows up in their feed. They can choose to prioritize your content, so it shows up immediately in their newsfeed or even get notifications each time you post. Your cover photo could be as simple as this one: 3) Custom CTA button: Facebook also gives you the option to add a custom CTA button on your Facebook feed that your cover photo can help drive your audience to click. To use this button, go to your Business page, and in the upper right-hand corner underneath your cover photo you should see + Add a Button: A pop-up window will appear asking you choose the type of button you want to put on your page: Each option has a series of different CTA’s to choose from. Your team will need to decide what action you want your audience to take to determine the right button type: Once you select your CTA, Facebook will walk you through how to choose the steps that you want your audience you take after they click that button. For this example, we wanted people to visit the website: After that, the CTA button should appear on your page: So what does a cover photo that’s point to a CTA button look like? This is one of the cover photos we had up that encourage people to click the button to sign up for a trial of our product: Recommended Reading: How to Write a Call to Action in a Template With 6 Examples 4. Fill in Your Facebook Business Bio Completely The final step in creating your Facebook business page is to fill out your biography. Facebook has a more extensive bio section than other social networks. The first part of your bio should include: The founding date of your company. Your mission statement. Contact information including phone numbers and email addresses. Links to your website. The next part of your bio is going to give your customers more information about who and what your organization does. It should include: A short â€Å"about us† section. A company overview. General information. A list of products and services your company offers. The final part of your bio is called â€Å"Story.† This is a space that your organization can use to explain not only how your company got started but what makes your organization you. 5. Use Facebook Tabs To Organize Your Content Facebook tabs are a great way to organize different content types and allow your audience to find the information they are looking for. A couple of things that marketers should keep in mind when it comes to using Facebook tabs: 1) Their location has changed: Before Facebook tabs used to be located right underneath your cover photo, and styled like how you would see tabs in a filing cabinet. Now tabs are located vertically on the left-hand side of your profile: 2) You can add in pre-made tabs to your Facebook page: To access those tabs go to the settings on your business page: Select Edit Page: Scroll down to Tabs: If you select Use Default Tabs Facebook will automatically choose the tabs that they believe would be the best fit for your page. Otherwise, you can add other premade tabs by scrolling to the bottom of the tabs section and clicking Add a Tab: 3) Build Your Own Tabs: Facebook gives admin and page editors the option to build their own tabs using the Facebook Developer page. This process can get complicated quickly, especially if you’re lacking coding skills. Fortunately, Facebook has a full tutorial in case your development team needs help getting started. Recommended Reading: The HTML Cheat Sheet Every Content Marketer Needs 6. Share Your Best Content If your reach, shares, and engagement are low, it could mean that your audience just doesn't like the content you're sharing. Fortunately, there are ways to figure out what your audience does enjoy. Once you find a winning formula, you can continue giving people what they want, and see more success. Look at your analytics to see what has performed well in the past. Try a new type of content. Image galleries, videos, Facebook Live, and snippets from infographics are just a few ideas to get you thinking. Once you have a post that's doing well, consider re-sharing it again later. If you're a customer, you can do this with ReQueue, a built-in intelligent social media automation feature: 7. Mix Up Unlinked Posts Facebook wants to keep users on its platform as long as possible. As a result, sometimes posts without links can perform better than linked posts. The logic is simple: if people are engaging with content completely within Facebook, they'll stick around longer than if a link takes them aways somewhere else. Now, if your goal is to drive website traffic, then you'll want to primarily post links. But, if generating brand awareness is worthwhile on its own for your company, then mixing in posts without links might help improve reach. Check out this example from BMW. There's no link, but those engagement stats look great: Sophisticated strength in each line and curve. The BMW Concept M8 Gran Coupà ©. Posted by BMW on Thursday, July 26, 2018 8. Like Other Pages Just like you can "Like" pages as an individual, you can also "Like" other pages as your business. There are a few reasons you'll want to do this: It allows you to get inspired by what other companies are posting about. You can interact and start building relationships with other companies, which may come in handy with other marketing activities. By liking and engaging with their content, they might be more likely to return the favor - resulting in increased reach for both you and them. To like another business as your page, start by finding the business you want to follow. On their page, click the 3 dots under their banner image next to the share button. Then choose "Like as your page" Keep in mind that you must be an admin on your business page for this to work. 9. Stay on Top of Facebook Updates and Changes Facebook changes frequently! Make sure you're aware of the latest updates. Here are some quality news sources to consider following for the latest announcements: Facebook Business News Social Media Examiner Social Media Marketing Updates from Marketing Land 10. Plan Posts Ahead of Time With a Social Media Calendar There's no sense in waiting until the day you plan to post to start creating content. Instead, use a social media calendar to plan all your posts in advance. is a perfect solution for this:Tips For Building Your Facebook Marketing Strategy Your team needs to have a strategy before you even start thinking of what text to include in your posts. Having a strategy helps your team avoid last minute posting and guessing at what is going to connect with your audience. 11. Set Clear Facebook Marketing Goals You’re on Facebook for a reason. You believe that being active on the channel will help your reach the business goals that your organization has set for the year. 1) Focus on what metrics you need to track to see if your Facebook strategy is contributing to the overall business goal: The metrics that you track for Facebook need to contribute to your overarching business goal. For example, if your overarching business goal is to increase your audience by 50% in the next year, one of the metrics you would track for Facebook is how many followers are you gaining. 2) Use the previous year’s data to influence the goals you set for the upcoming year: If your company has had an active Facebook page for a while, use the data from the previous year to help set your goals for the upcoming year. Going back to the followers example, you could check and see that over the course of last year, your page gained 100,000 followers. Your goal for this year could be to gain 125,000 followers, a 25% increase over last year’s growth. 3) Make sure that your goals are realistic: It’s easy to set high goals for your team. In fact, you want your goals to challenge your team. However, your goals also need to be realistic. That means that trying to triple your follower rate might be a bit out of reach, but growing it by 25% would be more realistic. 12. Establish Your Voice and Tone on Facebook The voice and tone that your brand carries online should be a significant part of any Facebook marketing strategy. What you sound like should be a reflection of who you are as a brand. 1) Develop your voice: Your voice should answer the question, what does your company say online? Developing your voice doesn’t have to be complicated, all you need to do is follow the rule of three by asking: â€Å"If I were to pick three adjectives that described the voice of my brand on Facebook what would they be?† Once you have those three adjectives, make a "this but not that" list: We are funny but not crass. We are professional but not stuffy. We are peppy but not obnoxious. 2) Establish your tone: your tone is going to be in constant flux because your tone is not just what you say it’s how you say it. It is the exact opposite of your voice because it’s going to change with every post you create. For example, if your company is experiencing technical difficulties and your voice is usually upbeat and fun, you wouldn’t want to sound like that when you’re letting your customers know what’s going on. They would expect you to be serious and let them know what’s happening, what steps your team is taking and when they can expect to see the site back up and running. 13. Create a Facebook Group Facebook groups are great for bringing potential customers together in one place and allow you to connect with them and help move farther down your funnel. To create a Facebook group, you need to: Choose a topic centered around a keyword that relates to your audience: Finding a topic that is related to a keyword that your audience is searching for makes it easy to find you. Make sure that your group description is up to date: Explain to your audience what the purpose of the group is and rules of what can and cannot be posted there. Keep a steady stream of content related to the topic of your group: It may be up to your social team to keep a steady stream of content for group members to talk about. Make sure that any content you share is reliable and accurate to help encourage discussion. To create a Facebook group go to Groups on the left-hand side corner of your Facebook homepage and click + Create Group: Name your group, and decide what type of group you will have. Open (meaning anyone can join), Closed (meaning people need permission to join) or Secret (meaning only group members can find it): Tips for Creating Better Facebook Posts Your business page is set up, and now you need to start filling it with content. Facebook has a variety of different post types that you can use to make an impression on your audience. 14. Experiment With Facebook Video Posts Videos have surged in strength over the last few years with Facebook investing more and more into video with Facebook Watch launching earlier this year. Some tips that your team needs to remember when it comes to your Facebook videos are: Keep your videos to about a minute and 30 seconds. Your audience has an attention span of about 8 seconds (which is less than a goldfish) meaning that your videos need to be short and to the point. Make sure the first 60 seconds are the most engaging.  Ã‚  Similar to YouTube and its "pre-roll" ads, Facebook recently started introducing "mid-roll" ads. This means your viewing experience may be interrupted by an ad after the first 60 seconds. If you really want your viewers to stick around to see the rest of your video, make sure the first 60 seconds hook them. Bear in mind, only videos longer than 3 minutes will be interupped with a "mid-roll" ad. Keep your topics related to your company. Don't create or share videos that aren't relevant to your business. That latest viral video craze might be funny, but is it going to strengthen your brand? If the answer is no, then don't do it. 15. Share Videos Natively This is similar advice to the point above, but it's important to mention. When you're sharing video content on Facebook, make sure you share the video directly on Facebook, rather than linking to your YouTube page or similar. With Facebook doubling down on video content, the site will likely reward you with increased reach if you share your videos natively. Here's a sneak peek at some of our own results when we share video content directly via Facebook. 16. Try Using Facebook Live Facebook Live use is up 330% since its launch in April 2016. Some best practices to keep in mind: Find a quiet place. Broadcast somewhere quiet so people can hear you. Keep your camera steady. No one likes a shaky video. Check what’s behind your subject. Double check there’s nothing in your background that you don’t want people to see. Don’t overthink it. When it comes to Facebook live, the simpler you can keep your videos the better. There are two ways you can broadcast a Facebook Live Video. One way is through your mobile phone. To use Facebook Live, go to your Facebook Business page in the Facebook app: Click the post button and add your text: Click the video button and look for Live Video: Hit start and broadcast your video. Once it’s complete it will automatically save to your feed: The other way to broadcast a Facebook Live video is on your desktop or laptop computer. To use your desktop, go to your Facebook business page and look for start a live video: Fill in the message that you want to send: Click Go Live once you're ready to go and you'll be broadcasting live. Like it's mobile counterpart, after your live video has ended it will archive itself and any fans that missed it will be able to see it again in your feed. 17. Use the Poll Feature Facebook Polls are a fun way to create engaging content on the platform. After all, who doesn't like to get their opinion heard? Facebook itself uses this feature for its #PetYearbook contest where users can vote on various categories like "Most Likely to Succeed" and "Best Hair". To create your own Poll, click the three dots under where you would normally create a post. Then, choose the option that says "poll". 18. Try Different Types of Image Posts to Make a Greater Impact Facebook images need to be the right size to make the maximum impact on the newsfeed of your audience. Facebook images need to be 1200px by 630px. There a multiple ways that you can add photos to your Facebook page: 1) Facebook albums: These are the traditional photo albums that you can use to categorize product photos etc. Facebook albums are great when you have a lot of photos that you want to add your page. Albums help keep them sorted and organized which make it easier for people to look through. Most Facebook albums will look like this: COBBERS WIN! 🠏ˆ Have a great rest of Homecoming Weekend! #cordmn Posted by Concordia College on Saturday, September 30, 2017 2) Multi-image posts: These are standalone posts that allow you to upload multiple photos in a single post but it does not create an album. Multi-image posts are great when you have smaller amounts of photos to add that don’t necessarily need to be categorized. Multi-image posts will look like album posts but they do not have an album title attached to them: Today was Twin Day at the office. Which pair is your favorite? Posted by on Tuesday, October 24, 2017 3) Facebook Carousel posts: Carousel posts are just like their ad counterparts in the fact that you can add up to five photos that link to a web page and allow people to scroll through them. Carousel posts are a great way to make an impact with images that also link back to your web page or landing page. This is what they look like: Posted by FB Carousel Format Creative Examples on Monday, August 15, 2016 Here’s how to use Facebook’s different image post options: 19. Optimize Links to Make People Click Through Facebook is a great place to link out to articles, landing pages and any other web content that your team creates. Some important things to keep in mind when you’re using links in your Facebook posts: 1) Shorten your links with bit.ly: If you’re going to include the link in your post, don’t post a massive link  with long tails of letters. Shorten them up using bit.ly. 2) Don’t worry about choosing a photo: Facebook selects the best photo for your links when you’re adding them to your posts. Due to some changes, you also won't be allowed to modify  the preview image when sharing a link. 3) If you want a cleaner looking post, delete the original link and enter your text by itself: Once you enter your link into your Facebook status and Facebook generates a preview, delete the text to enter your own. It’s important to note however, that if you delete your link from your text, it will still stay in your post. Setting up your links is as easy as going to bit.ly and typing in your link: Copy the shortcode and post it into your status update: Once Facebook generates a preview, delete the link and add in your text: Recommended Reading: How to Increase Visibility With Social Media Optimization 20. Target Your Audience With Each Facebook Post Facebook allows pages to target their posts towards certain audience members, much like how you target your ads. However, you can only access that type of target if your Facebook page has more than 5,000 followers. Facebook broke down how to access this free feature here. If your page is over 5,000 followers look for a site button on your post: Choose your demographics and hit save: You should see your targeting selections in your post: Did you know that when you use , you can use our Facebook targeting features to help your posts connect with the right people? To use this feature, go to your calendar and select Social Message Facebook: In your message, there is a small target. Click that and you’ll see a full list of different demographics you can target: Save your audience and give it a name: Click the target again and apply your new audience: 21. Use the Social Message Optimizer to Create the Best Facebook Posts In May we released every social media marketers' best friend, the Social Message Optimizer. This handy tool makes it easy to analyze posts before they publish. To use the tool, type your potential message into the analyzer: Hit Score My Message and you’ll get your score for each social channel: As you continue to scroll down the list you’ll see an overview that tells you want your message is doing well and what you can add to improve your score: You can keep scrolling down the screen for more information on how to improve your score. Once you know what to improve re-write your message and score it again: 22. Don’t Cross-Post Between Facebook and Other Social Channels Facebook makes it easy to cross-post between other social channels. If you have that feature enabled, turn it off. Cross-posting may make it easy for you to fill a quota of social posts, however, cross posting: Doesn’t allow you to customize your posts for each network. Will cut off text if the network has a limited amount of characters (Twitter). Comes across as lazy to audiences who are following you on multiple networks. In summary: Don’t post your content from Facebook across multiple channels. It may save you time, but it won’t save your engagement rates. 23. Build A Facebook Event That Encourages People To Attend Facebook events are a great way to reach out to your audience and get them to connect with you. There is information that always needs to be a part of your event description including: Place Time Directions or links to a Google map Tickets link (if needed) Check out this video for a quick how-to on setting up events in Facebook: 24. Post At The Best Times Your company’s organic reach is most likely on the decline. Due to the sheer number of pages on Facebook, and Facebook’s algorithm, the reach potential of your posts doesn’t exactly fall in your favor. That’s why posting at the right time is so important to gain the maximum amount of exposure: 25. Use Best Time Scheduling in To Post Your Messages at the Best Time Automatically If you’re not using for your social media scheduling you’re missing out on the ability to send your posts at the best time for your Facebook page automatically. Using the feature is simple. Craft a social post by clicking + and selecting Social Message: Craft your message and scroll to the bottom of the post and select best time scheduling from the drop-down menu on the right-hand side of your post: Recommended Reading: How to Create a Marketing Strategy That Will Skyrocket Your Results By 9,360% 26. Know How Often to Post on Facebook Posting at the right time is an important part of your Facebook marketing strategy, but so is the number of times you post. According to 20 different studies the best posting frequency for Facebook is ... Recommended Reading: What 23 Studies Say About the Best Times to Post on Social Media 27. Use Monitoring Tools There are quite a few options out there for Social Media monitoring, and each offers a slightly different benefit. Some, like Rival IQ, focus on benchmarking, which eliminates the need to bounce from channel to channel just to see competitor activities.  Tools such as this make it easy to see how your social media activities stack up against the competition. Others, like Brandwatch, allow you to stay on top of what people are saying about your company and visualize how your specific Social Media campaigns are performing. The downside? The learning curve can be a little steep as Brandwatch is built on boolean logic. Here are a few things to keep in mind when choosing the right monitoring tool for you: Write down your objectives:  Are you looking to see how your brand stacks up against the competition? OR are you looking to be in-the-know about what people are saying about your company? Making this distinction will help in choosing the right tool. Consider specific functions you need:  Some tools offer more powerful filters such as sentiment analysis, language breakdowns, and geographic location. Will you need these special features? Resources:  We're all on a budget... and some of these monitoring tools cost as much as a small car. Make sure you do your research beforehand so you don't fall in love with a tool only to realize there is no way you can squeeze it into your budget. Tips To Get More Facebook Page Likes Because of Facebook’s massive userbase, there's tons of opportunity to grow your audience on the platform. 28. Create Ads to Promote Your Page Facebook offers an ad set that allows you to promote your Facebook Business page and help people find and â€Å"Like† you. Ads like these are great if you want to: Grow your audience. Expand the reach of your posts. Attract new customers. Check out this video for how to get your promotion ads up and running: 29. Investigate Other Pages' Ads Did you know you can see all the Facebook ads other companies are running? You won't be able to see targeting or ad spent, but you can take a gander at their creative and see if they're A/B testing various copy, images etc. To see this info, navigate to another company's page. Then click "Info and Ads" on the bottom left-hand side. For example, we can see that HubSpot is running a few different ads and is potentially A/B testing copy and images against each other. (Leah, the example I found has more trendy topics. Might be worth mentioning?) There are a couple different reasons you might want insights into a company's Facebook ads. Analyze prospective clients: If you're an agency, this feature makes it easy to analyze a prospect's ad copy, creative, and website in order to make suggestions for improvement. Get competitive insights: Look at their Facebook pages and their clients’ Facebook pages. Are they doing anything wrong that you could do better? 30. Add Social Buttons To Your Website One way that you can attract a bigger audience to your Facebook page is adding social channel buttons to your website. You have a lot of traffic going to your website, exploring products and interacting with your company as a whole. If they like what they see you can encourage them to keep up with you on your social media channels. Some tips to keep in mind: 1) Make sure that your buttons are linking back to your social channels: Nothing is worse than when you click to follow a social link, and it takes you to the wrong social profile. Always double check your links. 2) Keep your channel icons in the same place on every page on your website: If you’re going to add social icons to any page on your website make sure they are in the same place for every page. 3) Update your icons if the social channel logo changes: Social channels will sometimes update their icon like Twitter going from a standard T to the Twitter bird. If your social channel icons are out of date, it can make you look out of touch with what’s happening with the network. 31. Drive Traffic to Your Facebook Page By Adding a Link in Your Email Signature Another way to help expand your audience is to add your Facebook page to your email signature. In Gmail, go to your settings: Type in your new email signature: Highlight â€Å"Facebook† and hit the link button. There you can add in the link to your Facebook page and type in the text that you want to be hyperlinked: Hit save. Then, check out your new email signature: Tips For Increasing Your Organic Reach On Facebook Organic reach has been on a steady decline over the past few years. Its increasingly becoming a "pay-to-play" environment. So what can you do that’s not going to cost your company a ton of money to increase the reach of your content? 32. Pin Your Content To The Top Of Your Business Page If you have a Facebook post that is: 1) Gaining a large amount of engagement from your fans. 2) Already has a decent amount of reach. It may be time to look at pinning that content to the top of your business page to help extend its life. This post will stay pinned to the top of your page for seven days. To pin a post, go to the selected content and click the small arrow on the top right-hand side of your post: Click Pin to Top of Page and the post will reappear at the top of your profile with a blue pin in the corner: Recommended Reading: 10 Fundamental Ways to Boost Your Facebook Organic Reach By 193% 33. Publish User Generated Content According to a Digital Intelligence Today article, 92% of people trust recommendations from friends and family above anything else. You can utilize that trust to grow your organic reach by sharing user-generated content. According to Salesforce, campaigns with UGC have 50% higher engagement rates. The more people engage with your content, the more it will show up in others newsfeeds. The more your content appears, the more reach you gain. Some tips to keep in mind when it comes to publishing user-generated content: Make sure that you give credit to the original publisher. Always ask if they want their content shared on your page. Let the author or reviewer know that their content will be published on your page. What does an example of a good UGC post look like? #TooshieTuesday 🠍‘ #Twins #dually #fordtrucks #F250 #F350 #liftedford #fordnation #alumiduty #liftedtrucks #trucknation... Posted by RealTruck.Com on Tuesday, October 10, 2017 34. Invite People To Like Your Page From Your Ads Here's a simple, but underused hack to increase followers. Running an ad is a great way to to get in front of a new audience, but did you know that you can also turn these individuals into more permenent fans of your page? All you have to do is invite them to like your page from your ad. First, bring up an ad that has several engagements and click to expand those engagements. Next, click to invite them to like your page. Naturally, not everyone will accept your invite, but those who have already liked your content will surely be more likely to convert into fans of your page. 35. Run a Facebook Contest To Increase Your Reach Okay, who doesn’t like free stuff? Running a contest on your Facebook page is a great way to increase your organic reach if it’s done correctly. Here some things to keep in mind when you’re creating your contest: 1) Make sure that people are sharing your posts. Engaging with content is great, but when people share your contest post. it ends up in the feed of all of their friends, easily tripling your reach. 2) Double check the images and text of your posts before you publish. The last thing you want is 100’s of people sharing your post with errors in your post. 3) Set a time limit. People will share your post like crazy which means that your team needs to set a time limit for how long people have to share your post. It will help create a sense of urgency and encourage your fans to take action now. 36. Partner with Influencers Influencers can help increase your organic reach by getting your name in front of their audience. According to Convince and Convert for every $1 you invest in an influencer you experience a $6.50 return on average. That’s nothing to laugh at. However, with influencers, you need to make sure that your intentions are clear. Remember to: 1) Make sure they include a PSA that their content is sponsored or an ad: The FCC is cracking down on posts from influencers who don’t identify that their content is being paid for by another organization. 2) Outline what their post needs to contain: your influencer content needs to be outlined before it’s posted including, accounts that need to be tagged, hashtags that need to be included and any images or media outlines that your influencer needs to create. 3) Connect with your influencers to gather analytical data: if your influencers are posting to their accounts make sure that your social team checks in to gather analytical data that your team can add to your report. Recommended Reading: How to Boost Engagement With Micro-Influencers the Right Way 37. Tag People and Companies in Your Facebook Posts A final way to increase your organic reach is to tag people and companies in your Facebook posts. Tagging helps draw people’s attention to your post and increases the chance they might share your content with their audience. Keep these tips in mind when you’re tagging: Only tag company’s or influencers if they're relevant to your content. You cannot tag personal Facebook accounts unless their settings are public. Don’t just tag people to get their attention, tag them because you’re either giving them credit for your content or you think it would be of use to them. Facebook Advertising Tips Facebook has a large variety of different advertising options that can get a bit confusing if you don’t know where to start. So we broke them all down for you. 38. Target Your Audience With Facebook Product Sales Ads One of Facebook’s newer ads features allows you to create Facebook ads for the products that your company offers. These ads are great if: You have a new product launching that you want to get in front of your audience. You have a large catalog of products and want to advertise them as much as possible. You want to categorize your products for the different members of your audience and target them for what they are looking for. Some other tips to keep in mind when you’re setting up these ads: Make sure your product photos are the optimum size at 600 x 600 px. Always keep your product feed up to date especially if something goes out of stock. Set automatic updates for your product feed. Check out this video for a brief tutorial on how to set up product ads:39. Boost Your Posts The Right Way Let’s say you write a killer Facebook post, and your audience is loving it. You’d want to maximize the life of that post, and you can through boosting it. But don’t hit the blue Boost Post button that appears. According to Hubspot, while that may seem like the easy way out, it’s better to boost posts through your ads manager. Keep these tips in mind when you’re setting up your boosted posts: Triple check spelling and graphics for errors Watch who you’re targeting, create custom audiences if you need to. Set a reasonable time that the post should be boosted. Check out Hubspot’s full breakdown: 40. Use "Dark" Posts Not to be confused with dark social (which refers to social traffic not tracked by your analytics tools), dark posts are targeted ads on Facebook. It's sort of like a cross between an ad and an organic post. Here's what you need to know about a dark post on Facebook: A dark post won't show up on your timeline, nor in the feeds of your followers. Instead, it shows up as sponsored content to the audience you're targeting. The dark post will still be visible under the "Info and Ads" section. You create a dark post in your ads manager account. Why would someone want to create a dark post on Facebook? For starters, it offers more in-depth targeting than what is available to organic posts, so you to create custom ads for each targeted audience segment. What's more, is that each audience will only see the ad that's designed for them. Dark posts keep your content feeds cleaner. Sometimes we marketers want to boost multiple posts, but don't what them to clog up our timelines. Dark posts allow us to create content that's targeted to specific demographics, while also giving our organic posts precious timeline real estate. They keep you from spamming your followers. Consider this...  as a follower, would you rather see 10 iterations of the same post or one dark post tailored for you? This video provides some insight into how to create your first dark post using Ads Manager: 41. Use Carousel Ads To Make a Visual Impact Carousel ads are another newer feature of the Facebook ad family and using them is great because it helps showcase a bunch of products or different features for a single product in one ad. Here are some things to keep in mind: Carousel ads always end with a link to a web page, so triple-check your landing pages. Use images that are optimized for the ad (i.e. 600 pixels and less than 20% text) Mix it up and add video. Facebook has a whole page dedicated to giving people ideas for carousel ads. If you’re trying to think of ways to get outside the box with your, check out the page for inspiration. Check out this video for some step by step help: 42. Cross-Promote Your Ads On Facebook and Instagram There are three main things that need to be in place for your ads to be able to be promoted on both channels: Your Instagram account needs to be connected to your business page on Facebook since the ads are run through Facebook ads manager. They must be viewable on mobile since Instagram ads are only accessible through mobile phones. You have to turn the Instagram ad feature on for each ad that you want to push to both channels. Facebook broke down how to use Instagram ads in this handy guide, or if you’re a more visual learner, check out this video: 43. Use Facebook Ads Manager To Keep Everything Organized The Facebook ads manager can help keep track of all of the ads you’re running on the platform. To access ads manager go to Insights Promotions Go To Ads Manager: In the ads manager, you’ll see different sections broken down by ad type. The first is just your standard account overview. This will include your total reach, ad spend and more for every ad you run: Campaigns break down your standalone ads and ad sets that are tied to a certain topic: Ad sets are multiple ads clustered around a certain topic, keyword, time and budget: Ads are your standalone ads that are focused on one keyword, one date range and one budget:

Tour Report at a nearby airport firefighting facility Essay

Tour Report at a nearby airport firefighting facility - Essay Example The facility was built and got commissioned in July, 2009. The facility has ten modern fire fighting vehicles that have a location on a drive through design. The purpose of the vehicles being placed in the drive through position is to be able to move as fast as possible in case of a fire emergency. The drive through design has direct access to the Hartsfield – Jackson Atlanta International Airport aircrafts apron system. Airport apron is the area in the airport where the planes are parked before departure or during maintenance. The new building where ARFF is at accommodates approximately fifteen firefighters (Snedeker, 2009). The building has training facilities, offices and conference rooms where several meetings happen. There are individual sleeping rooms for the firefighters who are on shift and locker rooms enough to accommodate the firefighters. There is a long sloping roof form that has a direct relation to the line-of-sight that is necessary between the control towers f or the taxiway. The airport has a Fire Training Research Centre (FTRC) that is used to train the staff and the firefighters. The staff acquire the much-needed technique to be able to deal with fire. The Hartsfield – Jackson Atlanta International Airport firefighters are trained because they must always be ready for blistering heat, blinding smoke, and blazing fires whenever they have to be on duty (FAA, 2015). Duty calls at any time, whether it is at night or during the day. There are challenges that the firefighters go through in their line of work. One of the challenges involves going through the fire and smoke to help people who are trapped. There are protective gears the staff members get to help protect against the fire flames and smoke. The firefighters have to go to the location in case one of the planes catches fire. The response time should be minimal to be able to save as much life as possible. The ARFF facility’s

Evaluate the Decision Making Process Assignment

Evaluate the Decision Making Process - Assignment Example Despite the forth coming problems, an effective and true decision, which is taken at right time, may also saves many of the important organizational resources (Ingram, 2010). According to the experts, the basic goal of the decision making process is to achieve some desired and set goals and objectives and avoid negative and poor consequences (Krehbiel, 2012). The firms’ managers always try to take a right decision at right time so that they can support the other organizational activities and thus giving a better output productivity. When any decision is taken in the organizational perspective than for sure it will help the organizational mangers but at the same time there can be some good or best decisions which not only support the organizational system but also add up to the efficiency of the organizational activities and the operations (Krehbiel, 2012). The process of decision making is a systematic progression which actually works in a step by step series. The process may starts with the recognition of the problem. This can be happen when the manager or any of workers may predict or forecast any possible problem or contingency in the very short run for the organization (Heckman & Crowston, 2011). Here it is not necessary that there will be a prediction of the problem rather the manger may come to know about the problem when they are badly struck in it. The critical point is that the manger or the firm mya truly identify the problem in the situation. Many of the mangers may get confuse between the actual problem and its symptoms. In most of the situation, the symptoms are very clear but the mangers may not track the problem exactly. Therefore, at first step the real identification of the problem is very important (Heckman & Crowston, 2011). Now in this situation the managers must carefully analyze all the possible factors and the reasons, so that they may come to know about the difference between the symptoms and the actual problem